(一)代词
1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法
(1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。
e.g. : She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果。 (she作主语,me作动词宾语)
Kathy is near him.凯西靠近他。(him作介词near的宾语)
(2)物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。
①形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school,his backpack
②名词性物主代词相当于一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。
e. g. : It isn’t my pen. →Mine(=my pen) is missing. (作主语)
I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen). (作宾语)
③ “of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。
eg. a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友
(3)反身代词
①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。
eg. A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris. (作同位语)
She bought herself a new bag. (作动词宾语)
He’s not worried about himself. (作介词宾语)
②带有反身代词的常用短语。
teach oneself自学
help oneself to随便吃些……吧
say to oneself自言自语.
learn. . . by oneself自学……
enjoy oneself过得愉快
leave one by oneself把某人单独留下
hurt oneself伤了自己
dress oneself自己穿衣服
come to oneself苏醒过来
(4)相互代词
①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。
eg. For years,the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。
We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相学习。
②可以用所有格来表示所有关系:each other’s, one another’s互相的,彼此的
eg. They are looking at each other’s pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。
(5)指示代词
①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。
e. g. : This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。
These are my friends,and that is my sister.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。
②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:
eg. Steve had a bad cold. This/That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·
2.不定代词的用法
(1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法
①each “每个/各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。
eg. Two girls came and I gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。
Each of them has a nice ring.
她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。
②every “每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。
eg. Every day is important to us.每一天对我们来说都很重要。
He has read every book(all the books) on the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。
③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。
eg. Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。
Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。
They both like potatoes.他俩都喜欢吃土豆。
④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。
eg. That’s all for today.今天到此为止。
All of us are fromChina.我们都来自中国。
All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。
⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。
eg. The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。
⑥neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。
eg. Neither of the books is/are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。
⑦no(=not any/not a)“没有”可接可数名词单或复数,也可接不可数名词。
eg. I have no brothers or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹。
A clock has no mouth,but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。
There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。
⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名词。
eg. None of them has/have been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。
I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。
⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。
eg. I don’t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。
Not everyone of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。
(2)one,ones和no one的用法
one用来代替前面刚提到的一件东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。
eg. ——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递一下那本科学方面的书好吗?
一Which one?哪一本?
一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。
No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人到过比月球更远的地方。
(3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法
①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。
eg. Many of the students come fromEngland.那些学生许多是从英国来的。
Thanks,it’s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。
②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多少/很少”(表否定)。
eg. There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。
I am very worried that I have little time to finish the job.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这项工作了。
③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。
eg. I can see a few cakes and a little bread in the fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。
注意:quite a few表示“相当多”
eg. There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。
④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。
eg. There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。
There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。
I don’t have any brothers or sisters.我没有兄弟或姐妹。
Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?
⑤. some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议、反问等的疑问句中,多用some。
eg: Would you like some beer?你要来点啤酒吗?
Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought. . . )你怎么没买点糖果?
⑥. any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句
eg. There isn’t any water left.没有剩下一点水。
If you have any questions, put up your hands, please.如果有问题,请举手。
⑦:some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。
eg. I’ll catch up with you some day.总有一天我会赶上你的。
Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。
Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。
(4) one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法
① one…the other 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个……另一个”
eg. Mr Smith has two daughters. One is a teacher, the other is a nurse.
②one …another 表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”。
eg. I don’t want this one, please give me another.
③one …the others 强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。
eg. In our school, one of the teachers is American,the others are Chinese.
④ some… the others表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。
eg. Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.
⑤others=other+名词;the others=the other+名词。
eg. Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.
⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。
eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。
(5)复合不定代词的用法
①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
eg. Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。
②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。
eg. There is something important on today’s newspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。
③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:
eg. Something is wrong. (变为否定句)
Something isn’t wrong. (错误)
Nothing is wrong. (正确)
④somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。
eg. There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。
Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?
⑤当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。
eg. Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?
Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。
3.疑问代词的用法。
(1)who/whom 谁(指人).
①作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him?
②作宾语 eg. Who/Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)
eg. Who/Whom do you want to meet?(作动词meet的宾语)
③作表语 eg. Who/Whom are they?
(2)whose谁的
①作定语 eg. Whose pen is this?
②作表语 eg. Whose is this pen?
(3)which哪一个,哪一些
①作定语 eg. Which girl is Kathy?
②作表语 eg. Which is the boy’s ball?
(4)what什么
①作主语 eg. What’s on the table?
②作宾语 eg. What are you doing?
③作表语 eg. What is he?
④作定语 eg. What class are you in?
4.关系代词的用法
关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另一方面又在从句中充当一个成分。
eg. This is the man who gave me the book. 这就是给我书的那个人。
The money that/which is on the table is mine. 桌上的钱是我的。
The money that/which my mother gave me is on the table. 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。